[Effect of five weeks of high-intensity interval training on the expression of miR-23a and Atrogin-1 in gastrocnemius muscles of diabetic male rats]

Introduction: One of the complications of diabetes is muscular atrophy. Considering the role of exercise in controlling diabetes complications, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of five weeks of high intensity interval training [HIIT] on miR-23a and Atrogin-1 genes expression in the gastrocnemius muscles of male diabetic rats

Materials and Method: For this purpose, diabetes was induced in 14 Wistar rats with an average weight of 260 +/- 10g by injection of Streptozotocin [50mg/kg]. They were randomly divided into two groups, controls [n=7] and HIIT [n=7] group. The HIIT program included implementing four 3-minute sets at intensity of 85-90% VO2max and one minute recovery between each set with intensity of 30 to 35% VO2max. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, animals were anesthetized, gastrocnemius muscles were removed and Mir-23a and Atrogin-1 genes expression was evaluated by quantitative REAL time PCR. Data were analyzed by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and t-test with SPSS software, version 19 and Execle 2007 at a significance level of p

Results: Analysis with independent t-test showed that the HIIT training caused a significant increase in expression of miR-23a and consequently significant decrease in expression of Atrogin-1 gene, compared to controls group

Conclusion: Evidently high intensity interval training due to decrease of hyperglycemia, change in expression of miR-23a and Atragin-1 can be an effective intervention to reduce diabetes complications such as muscle atrophy

[The effect of endurance training on serum adhesion molecules in overweight men]

Background and Aim: cell adhesion molecules are glycoproteins that mediate leukocyte response to inflammation. Increased level of these molecules may be directly associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of endurance training on serum adhesion molecules in overweight men

Materials and Methods: twenty two overweight students [BMI=28.34 kg/m2] voluntarily participated in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups, endurance training [n = 11] and control [n=11]. Training group participants accomplished 3 sessions of endurance training program for 8 weeks. Before and after every exercise, fasting blood samples were taken from all the subjects and serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1[sICAM-1], soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1[sVCAM-1] and soluble E-selectin were measured. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA test

Results: data showed significant differences in the levels of sICAM-1 between the groups after eight weeks of endurance training [P=0.002]. Comparison of the groups' pre- and post exercise mean values of the levels of sICAM-1 showed significant changes in endurance group [P=0.001]. Serum levels of sVCAM-1 and soluble E selectin showed no significant changes [p>0.05]

Conclusion: according to the results we can conclude that endurance training can decrease the levels of some of adhesion molecules. It could be responsible, to some extent for possible reduction of systemic inflammation, caused by physical activity

effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise on DHEAso4, 17OH-Progestron concentrations, number of follicles and menstrual condition of women with PCOS

The effective method of treatment of Polycystic Overy Syndrome [PCOS] is lifestyle modification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise on DHEAso4, 17OH-Progestron Concentrations, number of follicles and menstrual condition of women with PCOS. In this clinical trial, 40 PCOS patients lean [BMI<20] and obese [BMI>25] randomly divided into two trained and sedentary control groups. DHEAso4, 17OHProgestron Concentrations, number of follicles and menstrual condition were measured before and after the program [12-week exercise training program, aerobic exercise at 60-80% of maximal heart rate, 25-30 min/day, 3 days/week]. Decline of DHEAso4, 17OH-Progestron Concentrations were significant after exercise in obese group [P=0.023, P<0.0001]. The number of follicles right and left ovaries decreased significantly after exercise in two groups lean and obese [Right; P=0.019, P=0.041 and Left ovary; P=0.005, P=0.008]. Menstrual situation was improved after exercise in obese and lean groups [P=0.028, P<0.0001]. The body weight decreased significantly after exercise in obese groups [P<0.0001]. It seems that a term of exercise with weight loss can induce decline of DHEAso4 and 17OH-Progestron. In addition, exercise lead to improved menstrual condition and reduction of number of ovarian follicles per groups of lean and obese

[Comparison of bone mineral density in lumbar spine between athletic and non-athletic premenopausal women]

The purpose of the present research was to compare the bone mineral density [BMD] of lumbar spine between athletic and non-athletic premenopausal women. Fifteen female athletes [runner] with the mean age of 33.80 +/- 4.81 years, mean height of 164.13 +/- 5.31 cm, mean weight of 57.33 +/- 4.22 kg, and mean body mass index [BMI] of 21.41 +/- 2.21 kg/m2 and 15 female non-athletes with yhe mean age of 36.73 +/- 5.02 years, mean height of 161.20 +/- 4.17 cm, mean weight of 68.00 +/- 10.67 kg, and mean BMI of 26.78 +/- 4.34 kg/m2 at the premenopausal age [30-45 years] were participated. The BMD of lumbar spines were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DEXA]. The collected data were analyzed through t-test statistical methods. Based on T-score and Z-score criteria, all of athletes had normal bone tissue while, 13.3 percent of non-athletes were osteopenic. Moreover, the BMD of lumbar in athletes was significantly more than nonathletes. Furthermore, in the lumbar spine region, significant differences observed between the T-score and Z-score values for both athletes and non athletes. It seems likely that running can increase the BMD of lumbar in premenopausal women; therefore, it can play an important role in preventing osteoporosis as an effective non-medicine method

[ effect of glutamine supplement on changes in HSP72, cortisol and plasma glucose after exercise]

Glutamine plays a key role in cell protection following stress, by causing a simultaneous increase in hsp72 expression, which is dependent on glutamine metabolism and its relation with cortisol levels and gluconeogenesis. To assess the effect of glutamine supplement ingestion on hsp72, cortisol and glucose plasma changes after exercise, 28 soccer players were divided in four groups; the control, supplement, supplement-exercise and the exercise groups.0.5 g/kgBw supplement and placebo consumed 5 ml/kgBw volume of water one hour prior to the exercise protocol, which included 3 stages of 20 minutes running [80% HRmax intensity] with 5 minute rest periods between each stage. Baseline, and pre, post and 90 minutes after exercise, blood sampling was done and cortisol, glucose and hsp72 levels were measured using RIA, Enzymatic, and Elisa tests respectively. Data was analyzed with MANOVA and Bonferoni post hoc tests, P

[Effect of zinc and selenium supplementation on serum testosterone and plasma lactate in cyclists after one bout of exhaustive exercise]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate how exhaustion exercise affects testosterone levels and plasma lactates in road cyclists supplemented with oral zinc and selenium for 4 weeks

Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male road cyclists volunteers, were selected from the Tehran Traffic team, and based on BMI were divided into three groups; the selenium, zinc, and controls. The status of zinc and selenium in subjects was assessed at baseline. After 4 weeks of supplementation free, total testosterone, and lactate levels of all subjects were determined before and after exercise. Data was analyzed according to repeated measures ANOVA, and the Bonfferoni post hoc test, with a significance level of P<0.05

Results: Resting total, free testosterone, and lactate levels did not differ significantly between groups, and were increased by exercise [P>0.05]. Total testosterone levels in the Zn group were higher than in the Se group after exercise [P<0.05]. Free testosterone levels in the Zn group were higher than the other groups [P<0.05]. There was an insignificant difference between levels of lactate in the three groups after exercise [P>0.05]

Conclusion: According to this study, 4-week selenium and zinc supplementation had no significant effect on testosterone or lactate levels of subjects who had a zinc and selenium sufficient diet. Zinc supplementation increased levels of total testosterone in contrast with selenium group, and also increased free testosterone versus the other groups, whereas there was no change in the levels of lactate in the three groups post-test

[Effect of Zinc supplementation on serum testosterone and plasma lactate in male cyclist after one bout of exhaustive exercise]

There is fairly scarce information about the effects of zinc, an essential trace element, on exercise performance. Studies concentrate mostly on the distribution of this element in the body in response to exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exhaustion exercise on the testosterone levels and plasma lactates in road cyclists who are supplemented with oral zinc for 4 weeks. In this semi experimental sixteen male road cyclists, who were healthy in the first evaluation were selected from the Tehran traffic team and were divided into two groups according to mass body index; zinc group and control group. After 4 weeks zinc supplementation [30 mg/day], blood samples were collected from each subject before and after an exhaustive exercise bout. Data were analyzed by independent and paired sample t test. Total testosterone, free testosterione and lactate levels in two groups were increased by exercise [P<0.05] and there was no significant differences between total testosterone and lactate levels in two groups before and after exhaustion exercise [P>0.05]. There was a significant difference between effects of exhaustion exercise on free testosterone levels between two groups [P<0.05]. According to this study, zinc supplementation has no significant effects on testosterone and lactate levels in response to exercise in subjects with a balance diet. However, free testosterone levels were increased by exercise after zinc supplementation

[ effects of excessive aerobic continuous and interval training programs on plasma lipoproteins and serum CRP in women]

Blood inflammatory factors have been recognized as major risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of two methods of excessive aerobic continuous and interval training on plasma lipoproteins [TC, TG, LDL, HDL, VLDL] and serum CRP in women. A total of 20 women aged 35-45 years were randomly divided into the two groups of aerobic continuous and interval training. Subjects participated in an 8-week either aerobic continuous or interval running program [3 day / week, at 65-75% HRmax]. Twenty four hours before the first training program and 24 hours after the final training session blood samples were collected in a fasted state. No significant difference was found between the two groups in regard to TC, TG, LDL, HDL, VLDL and CRP levels in both pre-and post-tests. Aerobic continuous training induced significant decrease in TC, LDL, CRP and increase in HDL. Aerobic interval training induced significant decrease in TC, TG, LDL, CRP and increase in HDL too, but no significant difference was found between the two methods of training on plasma lipoproteins and serum CRP. Excessive aerobic continuous and interval training can have similar effects on plasma lipoproteins and serum CRP in women

effect of a period of discontinuous endurance exercise on icam-1 and lipid profile of non-athletic male students

Background and Purpose: It has been suggested that intracellular adhesion molecules [sICAM-1], as a new inflammatory marker, are more precise and sensitive markers in predicting cardiovascular diseases, compared with traditional predictive markers. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of discontinuous endurance exercise on sICAM-1 and lipid profile [LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC] of non-athletic male students and to survey the correlation between changes of these variables

Material and methods: This experimental study involved twenty non-athletic male students who signed the written informed consent, and were randomly assigned into experimental [n=12] and control [n=8] groups. The exercise protocol was a graded program, to be performed for 8 weeks three times per week with specific intensity and duration. Blood samples were taken before the first session and after the last session, with 14 hours fasting. Data were analyzed in SPSS 16 using independent and dependent t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient to determine the correlation of the variables. Level of statistical significance was set at ?<0.05

Results: Eight weeks of discontinuous endurance exercise caused 14% decline in sICAM-1 [p=0.0001], 6% in TC [p=0.001], 10% in LDL-C [p=0.0001], 40% in TG [p=0.0001] and 23% increase in HDL-C [p=0.001] in the experimental group. However, there were no significant correlation between sICAM-1 alteration and changes of traditional predictors of cardiovascular diseases [LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and TC] [p>0.05]

Conclusion: Eight weeks of discontinuous endurance exercise may reduce sICAM-1 and improve the lipid profile. These changes can play effective roles in the prevention, control and treatment of atherosclerosis

[ effect of melatonin on cardiovascular indices during exercise]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of melatonin ingestion on cardiopulmonary indices during rest, exercise and recovery period in female athletes. Heart rate [HR], blood pressure [BP] and maximal oxygen consumption [VO[2] max] were measured before and after ingestion of melatonin during exercise. Ten female basketball players [age 21.8 +/- 1.135 year, height 171.1 +/- 1 cm.676, weight 61.3 +/- 1.693kg], who were playing in Shiraz basketball league, were selected for this study based on the regularity of their menstrual cycle in the last 3 month. They all were homogenized according to their chronotype and had not any kind of disease. They performed the protocol at luteinizing phase of their menstrual cycles in two separate days with 72 hours interval at 11: 30 min in the morning. HR, BP and VO[2] max were measured at the first day. To assess their VO[2] max and other factors under study during exercise, they performed Bruce treadmill protocol to exhaustion and all above factors were measured during exercise either. At the second stage, 72 hrs after the ingestion of 10 mg melatonin, the HR, BP and VO[2] max were measured 30 minutes after ingesting supplement. The same procedure followed for exercise and recovery stages. Paired-samples T test used for data analysis [alpha = 0.05]. HR decreased significantly after ingesting melatonin during exercise [p=0.0001]. Ingesting melatonin did not affect resting BP but it significantly decreased BP during exercise and recovery. Furthermore, ingesting 10 mg of melatonin before exercise led to significant increase of subjects VO[2] max [p=0.0001]. The finding of this study shows that ingesting melatonin decreases HR, BP and BT during rest, exercise and recovery moreover it increases VO[2] max. In other term it increases endurance performance especially in warm environments. Then, athlete and coaches could use melatonin ingestion as a method to pre-cooling, modulating applied stresses to cardio respiratory system during exercise in warm environments, improve their endurance performance and increase efficacy of recovery period

[ effect of endurance exercise on cardiac stress and exercise induced immune response in elite kayakers]

Biochemical and immunological investigations have indicated cardiac dysfunction and damage with changes in cardiac markers and inflammatory cytokines after endurance exercise. Therefore, there is a rational background to study the effect of cardiac pathophysiology during endurance exercise. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of endurance exercise on cardiac and inflammatory markers in elite kayakers. Male professional kayakers with mean age of 22.5 +/- 3.24 yr, mean weight 78.7 +/- 7.18 kg and mean height of 184 +/- 4.357cm participated in a quasi-experimental study. Participants kayakied 8000 meters with 75-80% heart rate for 60 minutes. Blood samples were taken before, immediately and three hours after a prolonged endurance kayaking. Repeated measures followed independ t-test used for statistical analysis. SPSS v>16 was used for analysis. NT-proBNP levels significantly increased [24.05 vs 19.362 pg/ml] [p<0.001] .The plasma IL-6 insignificantly decreased in response to prolonged endurance kayaking [0.755 to 0.74 pg/ml] [p=0.91]. There was no association between IL-6 and NT-proBNP levels after exercise. Exercise-induced increase in NT-proBNP may represent physiologic reaction under special conditions and seems to have no significant pathological effect in the athletes. Decreased IL-6 plasma levels did not indicate myocardial damage. Based on thge results of this study endurance exercise does not effect the cardiac dysfunction and structural myocardial damage

Effect of concurrent creatine monohydrate ingestion and resistance training on hepatic enzymes activity levels in non-athlete males

The use of creatine [Cr] as a nutritional supplement to aid athletic performance has gained widespread popularity among athletes. However, concerns have recently been expressed over the potentially harmful effects of short and long term Cr supplementation on health.] Therefore this study was conducted to determine effect of creatine monohydrate [CrM] ingestion and resistance training on serum Alanin Aminotransferase [ALT] and As part ate Aminotransferase [AST] changes in non-athlete males. Twenty non-athlete males [age 22.25 +/- 2.02yr, weight 71.55 +/- 4.72Kg and height 171.92 +/- 5.98 Cm] were selected and studied in two groups, the training-creatine [TC]: n=10, and the training-placebo [TP]: n=10, in a double-blind trial. Both groups participated in resistance training and completed two months of weight training [75% one repeat maximum]. The TC group consumed a 250 ml CrM solution supplement [0.07 g/kg/day, creatine] during the training protocol, while the control group just placebos [0.07 g/kg/day, wheat flour]. Venous blood samples were obtained before and 48h after the last session and serum ALT and AST activities were measured using the auto-analyzer system. Data was statistically analyzed by dependent and independed t-test, with a 0.05 significance level. There were no significant differences in serum ALT and AST activity between the TC [ALT, P<0.102; AST, P<0.086] and TP groups [ALT, P<0.265; AST, P<0.009]. Nor were any significant differences observed in mean and changes range for ALT and AST activities between the TC and TP groups. The results suggest that two months resistance training and CrM ingestion had no adverse effects on hepatic cellular damage idices. However, more research is needed to identify the side effects of acute and chronic CrM ingestion and resistance training

[Comparison the effects of cardiac rehabilitation program [concurrent endurance and resistance training] on exercise capacity of men and women patients with coronary artery disease]

The importance of cardiac rehabilitation has been widely acknowledged, after myocardial infarction. Improved physical capacity is an important outcome of cardiac rehabilitation. Therefore, accurate measurement of the exercise tolerance of cardiac patients before and after cardiac rehabilitation program using an objective measure is important. To comparison the effects of cardiac rehabilitation program [concurrent endurance and resistance training] on exercise capacity of men and women patients with coronary artery disease. In this prospective study, among 40 patients, 20 patients [10 female with mean age 54.5 +/- 5.44 and 10 male with mean age 53.2 +/- 7.68] who arrived to Phase II cardiac rehabilitation were assessed. 6MWT and Exercise Test [ET] were performed at the beginning and at the end of 8 weeks program [3 days per week] in the both group of the patients. Both of 2 groups had significant response to Cardiac rehabilitation program after cardiac rehabilitation, functional capacity [6MWT] and exercise capacity [ET]. There is no significant difference between final value of 6mwt distance, Exercise capacity [Exercise test time], Heart Rate Recovery [HRR], Rate Pressure Product [RPP], VO2 peak between men and women patients with Coronary Artery Disease before and after cardiac rehabilitation program, but all of above improved significantly in both CRP men and women [p < 0.001]. Probably all of men and women patients affected of exercise training similarity

[Comparing the effects of two training methods of aerobic and anaerobic on some pre-inflammatory cytokines in adult male rats]

Data available reports that the novel biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases have more sensitivity and accuracy in anticipating cardiovascular disease. Hence, considering the significant role of physical activity in decreasing and preventing these diseases, determining the type of physical activity, its duration and intensity, and appropriate pattern significantly promotes the individual's health. In this study, effects of two training methods, the aerobic and anaerobic, on some pre-inflammatory cytokines in adult male rats were compared. In this experiment, 54 male wistar rats [3 months], were kept in a controlled condition, randomly divided into three groups, the control, aerobic and anaerobic groups. The training program was conducted for a period of 12 weeks - 3 sessions per week, specified durations and intensity. To assess the influence of one session of an aerobic and anaerobic, training program, following the program, the first blood sample was taken. After the 24th and 36th sessions, the second and the third blood samples were obtained. Blood samplings were done after 14 hours of fasting and 24 hours after the final training session. Data were analyzed with Kolmogrov-Smirnov, One Way ANOVA, Repeated Measurement and the LSD post hoc tests, at the level of alpha

[ effect of 8-weeks of regular physical activity on blood glucose, body mass index, maximal oxygen uptake [vo2max] and risk factors cardiovascular diseases in patients with type of 1 diabetes mellitus]

Physical activities have beneficial effects on type 1 diabetes patients, who are often exempted from sport activities, due to general concerns about the possible side effects of diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8-weeks of regular physical activity on blood glucose, body fat percent, maximal oxygen uptake [Vo2max] and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in type 1 diabetes patients. Twenty non-active patients, ranging in age from 15-25 years, participated in an 8-week regular physical activity program. Training consisted of 45-60 minutes aerobic exercises [60-80% Heart rate reserve] three times a week. Blood samples, body fat percent, maximal oxygen uptake were obtained before and after the 8-week training period. The fasting blood glucose, HDL-c, LDL-c levels and BMI did not change [p>0/05], but the BF%, TG, BPs, BPd and HR rest levels decreased and Vo2max level increased [p<0/05]. Eight weeks of regular physical activity had a positive effect on some physiological factors [BF%, TG, BPs, BPd, HR of rest and Vo2max] but had no effect on other factors such as fasting blood glucose, HDL-c, LDL-c and BMI